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The answer to this question is not that simple, as the cost depends on the complexity of the existing app. Let's say if the outdated app is simple, the cost to migrate legacy app is less, because it uses a rehosting strategy. But if we migrate a complex app, the process of modernization becomes more complex(rehosting or re-architecture). The best one is rebuilding; it may seem expensive in the beginning, but it's best for a long-term ROI and scalability.

The timeline for the migration totally depends on the application size and complexity. Let's have a quick look : A small application - 2–4 months Mid-sized systems - 4–8 months. Multiple integrations or heavy data dependencies -8–18 months or more.

The major cost drivers include application complexity, volume of data, integration requirements, and the chosen modernization approach. There are many additional factors, such as outdated documentation, poor code quality, and high dependency on legacy systems. This all together can affect both time and cost to migrate legacy systems. 

The application will start showing several signs, so it’s a clear signal that it needs to be migrated. The signs are frequent system crashes, sky-high maintenance costs, and a rigid system that does not integrate modern tools. This all together reduces user satisfaction. Other vulnerabilities are a skill gap among the developers, an insecure app, and performance issues. Overall, the system will give a clear indication to migrate. 

Naming any single method is not justified, as every app has its own complexities and attributes. But generally, teams go for a big bang migration approach. During this process, the app is divided into smaller modules, and then each one is migrated one by one. This reduces the chances of big failures, as every module is tested, and the team moves to the next

Data protection during migration requires a multi-layered approach. This process will involve taking backups, data encryption during transfer, data integration validation, checksum at every stage, and settlement reports. These processes are necessary to compare the old systems to the new ones. Compliance with regulations like GDPR and HIPAA must also be maintained throughout the migration lifecycle.